Paul Schrader’s 1990 adaptation of Ian McEwan’s novel, scripted by Harold Pinter, follows an English couple drawn into the unsettling hospitality of a Venetian couple. With Natasha Richardson, Christopher Walken, and Rupert Everett, it builds dread through restraint: sparse dialogue, controlled framing, and the gradual erosion of autonomy. Not a thriller of action but of atmosphere, it asks the viewer to sit with ambiguity, not solve a mystery.
Martin Scorsese’s 1988 adaptation of Nikos Kazantzakis’s novel imagines Jesus not as divine certainty but as a man besieged by doubt, desire, and exhaustion. Willem Dafoe stars in a performance defined by physical and vocal restraint, supported by Michael Ballhaus’s muted cinematography and Peter Gabriel’s world-music score. Shot in Morocco on a $7m budget, it avoids spectacle in favour of psychological texture — from the dusty realism of Nazareth to the hallucinatory austerity of the desert. Controversial on release for its humanisation of Christ, it endures as a rare studio film that treats spiritual struggle with existential seriousness, not dogma.
Paul Schrader’s First Reformed follows Reverend Ernst Toller, a pastor of a dwindling Dutch Reformed church in upstate New York, as he confronts alcoholism, grief over his son’s death in Iraq, and escalating despair over climate catastrophe. When a pregnant parishioner seeks counsel for her radical-environmentalist husband, Toller is drawn into a crisis of faith, vocation, and bodily integrity. Shot in strict 1.33:1 aspect ratio with austere compositions and near-silent sound design, the film unfolds with liturgical slowness, building toward a climax that rejects catharsis in favour of raw, unresolved human contact.
Paul Schrader’s 1985 film interweaves Yukio Mishima’s final day with biographical flashbacks and dramatisations of three of his novels, organised into four colour-coded chapters. Shot in Japan with a rigorous visual syntax, it privileges form over exposition, using John Bailey’s cinematography, Philip Glass’s score and Eiko Ishioka’s production design to render Mishima’s aesthetic absolutism as cinematic grammar. It was banned in Japan until 2025.
Martin Scorsese's 1980 film adapts former middleweight champion Jake LaMotta's own memoir into a study of a man whose jealousy and temper wreck his marriage and his relationship with his brother and manager Joey at the same rate his boxing career rises and falls. Shot in black and white, partly because research showed period boxing gloves came in too narrow a range of colours to justify colour film, and built around a physical transformation in which Robert De Niro gained roughly 60 pounds to play LaMotta's later years, the film returned only a modest $23.4 million against its $18 million budget on release but later won Oscars for De Niro's performance and Thelma Schoonmaker's editing.
Martin Scorsese's 1976 film follows Travis Bickle, an insomniac Vietnam veteran driving a New York taxi through the city's worst hours, as his isolation and contempt for the people around him build toward an act of violence aimed first at a political candidate and then at the pimp controlling a twelve-year-old sex worker he has taken an interest in. Written by Paul Schrader, shot with a jittery, restless camera, and scored by Bernard Herrmann in the days before his death, the film was made for $1.9 million and returned over $117 million, winning the Palme d'Or and later becoming entangled in real-world controversy after inspiring an actual assassination attempt.